The best time to visit Istanbul and Cappdocia is either April-May or mid-September to October-end when the days are longer, drier, and sunnier, but not as hot as in the peak of summer. These months also avoid the large tourist crowds.
The climate during October can be summarized as mild and reasonably dry.
October is in the fall / autumn in Turkey and is typically the 6th warmest month of the year. Temperatures range between 12°C and 25°C and there are a few brief showers occasionally.